LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF THE INNOVATION SYSTEM OF THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

The Community has had a research and technology policy since its establishment, however, in the first period it was not a typical `system of innovation´ and was characterised by ad hoc political decisions and the incoherence of the institutions. The Community demand on the promotion of the innovation capacity has been entered the primary legislation of the Community by the Single Europe Act. Introducing the rules of research and technology development into the Treaty of Rome, starting the framework programmes and focusing on the technology policy, have been presented the renewal of the post-national institutional building and led to mutual co-operation between the fragmented and ad hoc institutions, the increase of the efficiency of research and production, growth of the cost effectiveness and the competitiveness of the Community. The Sixth Framework Programme outlines the mid-term future directions of the Community technology policy. In order to perform these objectives few priorities must be determined which significantly enhance the competitiveness, have a structuring effect, increase the extent of the co-operation and involve small and medium size enterprises. At the same time, attention is to be given to the global changes and the known and unforeseen impacts of the enlargement of the European Union. On the other hand, the impacts of the developing European system of innovation on the Member States cannot be ignored either. Member States with strong and independent innovation policy are also affected by the impacts of the Community policy. The adjusting of the national priorities to Community priorities, the `reverse institutional borrowing´ and other practices, however, can be seen more intensively in the less developed Member States, and might be especially expected in countries whose accession is under way

The effects of drought stress on the photosynthetic processes of wheat and of Aegilops biuncialis genotypes originating from various habitats

The effects of drought stress, simulated by increasing concentrations of PEG, were examined on the photosynthetic processes of wheat and of Aegilops biuncialis genotypes originating from various habitats. In the course of moderate stress Ae. biuncialis lines originating from dry habitats fixed more CO2 than the wheats due to the less intense stomatal closure. After the greater water loss caused by hard drought stress they had more rapid regeneration ability compared to the wheats. In the case of the wheat variety Sakha drought stress resulted in the induction of the generative phase, with an acceleration in flowering and ripening processes. The properties of Ae. biuncialis lines originating from dry habitats could be suitable for improving the drought tolerance of wheat

Photosynthetic responses to drought stress in different Aegilops species

The effects of drought stress induced by withholding water in soil pot were investigated on processes related to CO2 fixation of wheat, Ae. tauschii, Ae. speltoides and Ae. bicornis genotypes. A decrease in relative water content (RWC) of leaves from 95% to 85% resulted in intense stomatal closure and significant decrease in the net CO2 fixation in wheat and Ae. bicornis genotypes, while in Ae. tauschii and Ae. speltoides genotypes, gs and A parameters remained significantly high between 90% and 70% RWC. Despite the intense stomatal closure, the mesophyll limitation (Lm) to A, calculated from the A/Ci curves, dominated in wheat and Ae. bicornis genotypes, while the stomatal limitation (Ls) were typical of Ae. tauschii and Ae. speltoides genotypes during drought stress. These properties of Ae. tauschii and Ae. speltoides genotypes could be suitable for improving drought tolerance of wheat through intergeneric crossing

A kárpátaljai magyarok munkavállalói migrációja

The political and economic crisis of recent years has intensified the migrational activity from Ukraine to European countries with higher standards of living. Among the Transcarpathian Hungarians there are especially intensive migration processes for employment and other purposes, which was facilitated by owning Hungarian language skills on the one hand and possibility of obtaining Hungarian citizenship on the other. However, the number of Transcarpathian hungarians affected by migration, as well as the nature, duration and purpose of their migration, have not yet been investigated quantitatively. Our paper attempts to answer the above questions by evaluating the results of a questionnaire survey